06.02.2012
THARU MASK NEPAL MASQUE NEPALI NEPALESE ARTS PREMIERS PRIITIVE MASK OF THE HIMALAYAS
Tharu masks?
An invention of the collectorS or reality?
Green Mask edited on "Demons and Deities Mask of the Himalayas" and attribuited to the Tharu people context
by Mr Thomas Murray
http://www.asianart.com/articles/murray/22.html
Masque anthropomorphe
Anthropomorphics mask Marc Petit donation at the Musee du Quai Branly
attribuited to the Tharu context
More about this mask
Start the research from here: http://www.quaibranly.fr/cc/pod/recherche.aspx?b=1&t=2
Details
N° inventaire : 70.2003.1.5
Ethnonyme : Tharu
Toponyme : Népal / Asie méridionale / Asie
Ancienne collection : Marc Petit
Donateur : Marc Petit
Matériaux et Techniques : Bois, argile, fibres végétales, fer.
Dimensions d'encombrement (Hauteur x Largeur x Profondeur, Poids) : 28 x 22 cm
Unité patrimoniale : Asie
§§§
§§
§
24.01.2012
ARTS PREMIERS TRIBAL ART INDIAN PRIMITIVE ARTS TWO ZOOMORPHICS PANELS FROM NOTHERN INDIA
Two northern Indian zoomorphic's panels, carved in all the four sides.
Ethnoflorence Indian and Himalayan Folk and Tribal Arts Photo Archive
1990 2012
§§§
§§
§
03:26
Écrit par ETHNOFLORENCE
dans ARTS PREMIERS PRIMITIVE ART TRIBAL ARTE TRIBALE STAMMESKUNST, THARU TRIBAL ARTS PREMIERS PRIMITIVE ART AND CULTURE, TRIBAL ARTS OF THE SANTAL PEOPLE |
Lien permanent
| Commentaires (0)
| Envoyer cette note
| 
Facebook
|
17.01.2012
Les Tharu et le royaume hindou de Dang Népal Souveraineté divine et endogamie ethnique Gisèle Krauskopff
Les Tharu et le royaume hindou de Dang
(Népal)
Souveraineté divine et endogamie ethnique
Gisèle Krauskopff
L'Homme Année 1990 Volume 30 Numéro 116 pp. 30-54
TEXT STARTING FROM HERE
http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/search/?p_...
§§§
§§
§
11.10.2011
THE LUTES OF THE HIMALAYAS PART IV NEPALESE TRIBAL ARTS PART II THARU TRIBAL ARTS AN HIDDEN HERITAGE PART II
THE LUTES OF THE HIMALAYAS
PART IV
ANCIENT FOLK HIMALAYAN LUTE
THE LUTES OF THE HIMALAYAS
PART I
SEE MORE ON
http://ethnoflorence.skynetblogs.be/archive/2011/09/28/th...
§
THE LUTES OF THE HIMALAYAS
PART II
SEE MORE ON
http://ethnoflorence.skynetblogs.be/archive/2011/10/01/th...
§
THE LUTES OF THE HIMALAYAS
PART III
SEE MORE ON
http://ethnoflorence.skynetblogs.be/archive/2011/10/02/th...
§
THE LUTES OF THE HIMALAYAS
PART V and more
COMING SOON
***
NEPALESE TRIBAL ARTS PART I
THE DETAILS
SEE MORE ON
http://ethnoflorence.skynetblogs.be/archive/2011/09/25/hi...
NEPALESE TRIBAL ARTS PART II
THE DETAILS
NEPALESE TRIBAL ARTS PART III
THE DETAILS
COMING SOON
THARU TRIBAL ARTS
AN HIDDEN HERITAGE
PART II
****
**
*
19:15
Écrit par ETHNOFLORENCE
dans ARTS PREMIERS TRIBAL SCULPTURES FROM WESTERN NEPAL, THARU TRIBAL ARTS PREMIERS PRIMITIVE ART AND CULTURE |
Lien permanent
| Commentaires (0)
| Envoyer cette note
| Facebook
|
02.10.2011
NEPAL MUSIQUE MUSIC: THE LUTES OF THE HIMALAYAS PART III NEPAL NEPALESE MUSIC INSTRUMENTS THE LUTES OF THE SANTAL PEOPLE
THE LUTES OF THE HIMALAYAS
PART III
ANCIENT FOLK HIMALAYAN LUTE
ETHNOFLORENCE ARCHIVE 2011
§
THE LUTES OF THE HIMALAYAS
PART I
SEE MORE ON
http://ethnoflorence.skynetblogs.be/archive/2011/09/28/th...
§
THE LUTES OF THE HIMALAYAS
PART II
SEE MORE ON
http://ethnoflorence.skynetblogs.be/archive/2011/10/01/th...
§
THE LUTES OF THE HIMALAYAS
PART IV
COMING SOON
***
NEPALESE TRIBAL ARTS PART I
THE DETAILS
SEE MORE ON
http://ethnoflorence.skynetblogs.be/archive/2011/09/25/hi...
§
NEPALESE TRIBAL ARTS
THE DETAILS
PART II
COMING SOON
§
THE LUTES
OF THE SANTHAL PEOPLE
SEE MORE ON
http://ethnoflorence.skynetblogs.be/archive/2010/02/01/tr...
§
THARU TRIBAL ARTS
AN HIDDEN HERITAGE
COMING SOON
***
**
*
16:06
Écrit par ETHNOFLORENCE
dans ARTS PREMIERS PRIMITIVE ART TRIBAL ARTE TRIBALE STAMMESKUNST, ETHNOS ETHNIC MUSIC ETHNOGRAPHIC ETHNIC MUSICAL INTRUMENTS, LUTES OF THE HIMALAYAS, THARU TRIBAL ARTS PREMIERS PRIMITIVE ART AND CULTURE |
Lien permanent
| Commentaires (0)
| Envoyer cette note
| Facebook
|
10.07.2011
THARU THE THARU OF THE TERAI NEPAL THARUS KAILALI NEPAL TERAI
THARUS KAILALI
PHOTO COURTESY
OF
JOHAN REINHARD
http://sites.google.com/site/johanreinhardwebsite
![Tharus_-_Kailali__2_Women_fishing_with_nets_1971[1].jpg](http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/137887/1017316681.jpg)
![Tharus_-_Kailali__5[1].jpg](http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/137887/2431667815.jpg)
![Tharus_-_Kailali__8_Collecting_bamboo_along_Karnali_River_1971[1].jpg](http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/137887/571777935.jpg)
![Tharus_-_Kailali__9_Collecting_bamboo_along_Karnali_River_1971[1].jpg](http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/137887/3895087132.jpg)
![Tharus_-_Kailali__10_Women_fishing_with_nets_1971[2].jpg](http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/137887/3228023106.jpg)
![Tharus_-_Kailali__11_Women_fishing_with_nets_1971[1].jpg](http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/137887/3322141939.jpg)
PHOTO COURTESY OF JOHAN REINHARD
http://sites.google.com/site/johanreinhardwebsite/
***
10:38
Écrit par ETHNOFLORENCE
dans ARTS PREMIERS PRIMITIVE ART TRIBAL ARTE TRIBALE STAMMESKUNST, THARU TRIBAL ARTS PREMIERS PRIMITIVE ART AND CULTURE |
Lien permanent
| Commentaires (1)
| Envoyer cette note
| Facebook
|
05.07.2011
THARU CULTURE NEPALESE TERAI: The Eco-friendly Tharu Tribe: A Study in Socio-cultural Dynamics SUBHASH CHANDRA VERMA Journal of Asia Pacific Studies ( 2010) Vol 1, No 2, 177-187
Journal of Asia Pacific Studies ( 2010) Vol 1, No 2, 177-187
The Eco-friendly Tharu Tribe:
A Study in Socio-cultural Dynamics
COURTESY OF
SUBHASH CHANDRA VERMA
KAMAUN UNIVERSITY NAINITAL INDIA
Abstract: The Tharu culture is very Eco-Friendly, all cultural thing and
activities of this tribe are deeply related with nature.
Their residence,food, cloths, art, religion, economy and many other part of life are based
on nature and keep ecological balance.
Tharu people worship mainly their tribal Goddess (The Earth) called as ‘Bhumsen’ in their folk
language. There is a well family system in this community. Women have
high reputation, enough social and economic rights in their family system.
This community has paternal family system but women have high position
and more rights, this is a mark able fact. Tharu youth like changing so
they are struggling for advance ness. There are many other communities
existing in Tharu area by Industrialization and Business, so the process of
cultural exchange is running in Tharu area. Tharu youth are attracting to
new and charming life style. They are ignoring their traditional tribal
culture that is why the identity of old Tharu culture is under dangerous.
They must have to get advance education, communication, technology etc.
But care of old culture is must too for keep their identity.
*
Tharu Culture, Eco-friendly, Development, Industrialization
*
1
INTRODUCTION
The Tharu tribe is a most popular tribe of India and
Nepal.The Tharu people are indigenous people living in the
Terai plains on the border of Nepal and India. The population
of Nepal is 28,287,147 (July 2006 est.), of which the Tharu
people make up 6.6% A smaller number of Tharus live in
India, mostly in Champaran District of Bihar and in Udham
Singh Nagar District of Uttrakhand, Kheeri, Pilibhit, Gonda,
1 I am especially thankful Tharu people Srikrishna and Hari singh of Nakulia and
Baghori village those help me a lot in visit of Tharu villages and arranged all possible
things for observation. I am also thankful of University Grants Commission of India
for providing grants for my Research Project about Tribal Youth.
The Eco-friendly Tharu Tribe: A Study in Socio-cultural Dynamics
Balrampur, Gorakhpur, Bahirayach district of Uttar
Pradesh. Population of Tharu tribe is 83544 in Uttar
Pradesh and 85665 in Uttrakhand state Total Tharu
Population is near about 169209 in India. The Tharu are
recognized as scheduled tribes by the Government of India.
Constitution of India gives many special social, educational
and economic rights to these scheduled tribes and casts
because they are the primary victims of the backwardness.
The Tharus are struggling for their rights and cultural
protection.
*
2
Methodology
This study is based on a primary survey using
Direct/Participant Observation and Interview methods to
arrive at the conclusions. The available secondary resources,
however, have also been used. At present author is
conducting a research project on Tharu tribe about
awareness in youth with financial help of University Grants
Commission of India. That is why he has used Primary
Survey data of this project. This article is part of
underwriting report of this project. The primary information
was collected from Nakulia, Sisona, Tharu Tisour and
Baghori villages of Tahsil Siatrganj District Udham Singh
Nagar State Uttrakhand, India. This work is presented in
Exploratory and Analytic research design with help of
statistical methods. . Some statements in this study are
based on secondary data but maximum results are coming
from primary data.
The Tharu is largest and oldest ethnic group of the Terai
region, living in villages near dense malaria-infested jungles
in regions that were isolated over the millennia, allowing
them to develop a unique culture. They work usually as
farmers or peddlers. Although physically the Tharu are
similar to other peoples in the area, they speak their own
language that originated in Sanskrit and is now recognised
officially. Recent medical evidence supports the common
belief that the Tharu people, having lived in the swampy
Terai region for centuries, have developed an innate
Subhash Chandra Verma, Kumaun University (Nainital, India)
resistance to malaria that is likely based on an unidentified
genetic factor.
*
3
History
According to Nepali author Subodh Kumar Singh, a series of
invasions by the Rajput kings, eroded the influence of the
indigenious Tharus. In 1854 Jung Bahadur, the first Rana
prime minister of Nepal, developed the Mulki Ain, a
codification of Nepal’s indigenous legal system which divided
society into a system of castes. The Tharus were placed at
the bottom of the social hierarchy. Their land was taken
away, disrupting their community and displacing the people.
In the 1950s, World Health Organisation helped the Nepalese
government eradicate malaria in the Terai region. This
resulted in immigration of people from other areas to claim
the fertile land, making the Tharus slaves of the new
landowners and developing the kamaiya system of bonding
generations of Tharus families to labour.
4
Social and Cultural Systems and Life Style
The economy of Tharu community is based on Agriculture
and forest (Pradhan, 1937 p59). Historically, they were the
only ones that were able to reside in the malarial jungles on
the Indo-Nepal border. But as mosquito control became
available, many others have migrated into this tribe’s areas.
They have deep affiliation with forest and river. The
population of Tharu tribe is near to one lac in India and in
Nepal this figure is 1533879, it is 6.75% of total population
of Nepal (Nepal online). This tribal community has many
specialties about their culture and socio-economic systems.
There are many clans in Tharu tribe those called Kuri in
their local language, name s of main clans (Kuri) are as
followed Badwayak, Battha, Rawat, birtiya, Mahto, Dahait,
Rajia, Bunka, Sansa, Jugia, Buxa, Dhangra, and Rana. All of
these Tharu clans are divided in lower and high status
(Truner, 1931 p599). The Tharus followed Hindu religion,
but after all they purely a tribal community by
anthropological point of view. Tharu people worship mainly
their tribal Goddess called as Bhuiyan or Bhumsen with
other Hindu God & Goddess. Government of India has been
accepted this community as a Scheduled Tribe. The fact is
that the Tharu themselves did not keep written records and
what is known of their early history is derived from passing
references in religious texts and etymological evidence. It
seems probable that there is not just one origin of the Tharu
and that the people arrived in the area from different places
at different places at different times. As such there may be
truth in all the theories. The Panchayat system (Local Social
Council) is very strong in this tribe; head of panchayat is
called Padhan in local Tharu language. The Tharus love their
folk arts. Tharu Songs, Tharu dance Naach, Tharu tattoos,
Tharu wall paintings, Tharu handicrafts, and Tharu magic is
very interesting and special. Mark able fact is this that they
make handicrafts only for personal use doesn’t for marketing
purpose. They like contrast colures in dress and wall
paintings for decoration of house (Govila, J.P.1959 p248)
Main food of Tharus is Fish and Rice but they also used
Roti,Vegetables,Mutton,Chicken,Milk products and more
others But since hunting is banded in forest they can not
use more non-vegetable food because of poverty they can not
afford expensive Mutton and chicken, but they use more and
more fishes in their food. Tharus are very host able and they
respect their guests very much. They like to serve best and
more food dishes for guests. Tharus have very friendly
nature, every Tharu people have a best friend in their life,
male best friend of male called as Meet or Dilbar and female
best friend of female called as Sangan. Tharus treat their
best friend as real brother and sister.
Some Tharu live in longhouses, which may hold up to 150
people. The longhouses are built of mud with lattice walls.
They grow barley, wheat, maize, and rice, as well as raise
animals such as chickens, ducks, pigs, and goats. In the big
rivers, they use large nets to fish. Because the Tharu lived in
isolation in malarial swamps until the recent use of DDT,
they developed a style of decorating the walls, rice containers
and other objects in their environment. The Tharu women
transform outer walls and verandahs of their homes into
colorful paintings dedicated to Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess
of prosperity and fertility.
Tharu Village
The Tharus have small populated villages
and generally scattered and are often located at a miner
distance. The Tharus are always in search of a good site for
founding their villages. A good site in their judgment must be
the land on a high level with proximity to river or some water
supply yes safe from water-logging and inundation during
the rainy season. (Srivastava 1958:19). The Tharus build
their houses with enough distance to each other for better
life style. The village dose not has bachelor’s dormitories or
community houses, menstruation huts, guest houses and
special granaries for common use and distribution. The
House of Padhan (Chief of Village) is very important place of
village. Even a casual to a Tharu Village is impressed by the
neat arrangement of the houses, their cleanness in contrast
with the congestion of other villages in India. A Tharu village,
therefore, represents a closely knit society unites of which
have developed a bond of fellowship and corporate life
through mutual obligations and co-partnership.
Tharu Houses
The Tharus are famous for their clean
houses. Generally Tharus build their house by Mud, Wood
and Grass. The Tharus houses are always cool in summer
and hot in winter, it is a specialty of Tharu houses. Each
house with its field and a vegetable garden is a detached
residence with a narrow or a broad alley separating it forms
the adjacent houses. The house must face the east to bring
them prosperity, which the other directions of the house do
not promise. The Size of the house is depends on size of
family. The Than (place of worship) is must in every house.
On the side of the main house the well-to-do Tharus build a
Bangla (the Rest House). Both the exterior and interior of the
Tharu houses present a neat and clean appearance. They are
swept twice or thrice a day and the ashes and house-refuse
are thrown near the cattle-sed or in fields.
Religion
Tharus follow Hindu religion because they claim
that they are migrated with Rajputs of Rajasthan by blood.
This is very interesting fact because they have not any
specialty of Rajasthni Rajputs in their Race and Culture but
they claim blood relation with them (Kumar,N 1968 p39).
Tharus are related with Mongoloid race and Rajputs have
different race. Dr. D.N. Majumadar contested the supposed
Rajput origin of the Tharus on the basis of blood group tests
and the have found that Tharus have Mongoloid race, so
they not related with Rajputs (Majumadar 1941:33). The
Tharu are adherents of Hinduism, but also held Islamic,
Animist and Buddhist beliefs. Small numbers have converted
to Buddhism in the recent years. Such syncretic practices
have led Tharu to practice folk Hinduism. With the advent of
religious freedom, others have converted to Christianity and
there are a variety of congregations active in the various
districts where Tharus are found.Traditional Tharu worship
various gods in the form of animals such as dogs, crow, ox
and cows. Such gods are seen in Hinduism. Every village has
their own deity, commonly known as Bhuinyar. Tharu in
East Nepal call their deity Gor-raja. Most Tharu households
own a statue of a traditional god. Family members often offer
animal’s blood sacrifices to appease the god. Animals such
as pigeons and chickens are used for sacrificial purposes.
Milk and silk cloth are also used. Many Tharu would also
use the blood of one of the male members in the family for
such rituals. Such rituals are conducted through
ceremonies, and superficial cuts are made forehead, arms,
throat, legs, and/or chest. The gods are believed to have the
ability to heal diseases and sickness. According to traditional
legend, gods are given a bhakal, a promise of something, on
condition that the sickness is cured, in any events of
misfortunes, plagues and horror dreams. A relative’s death is
an event of great significance among Tharu, and rituals
conducted varies in accordance to regions. Tharu would
approach shamans as doctors, known as Guruba. Such
shamans use Buddhist medicines to cure illness. Shamans
will also try to appease gods through incantations, beating
drums and offering sacrifices. The Tharu believe sickness
comes when the gods are displeased, and the demons are at
work. Buddhist converts among the Tharu are found in
Saptari, Siraha and Udaypur. Currently it is believed that
there are more than one dozen of Buddhist monks and
novices among the Tharus. Such practice was possibly based
on the fact that they were inspired by the discovery of Lord
Buddha as a member of the Tharu tribe.
5
Status of Awareness Environment and Pollution
Historically The Tharu culture is very Eco-Friendly, all
cultural thing and activities of this tribe are deeply related
with nature. Their residence, food, cloths, art, religion,
economy and many other part of life are based on nature
and keep ecological balance. Tharu people worship mainly
their tribal Goddess (The Earth) called as ‘Bhumsen’ in their
folk language. The old generation of Tharu community is
more aware about nature and environment than new
generation. According to S. K. Srivastava (a famous Indian
Anthropologist) in the year 1930 the Social Reform Movment
which is popularly known as Jati Sudhar (reforms in cast)
among the Tharus was initiated by a handful of educated
Tharus. (Srivastava 1958:105) Main some Rules of this
movement are as following (which are showing the care ness
of old Tharu generation)-
1-Women in their menstrual period never to enter into the
kitchen or cook meals.
2-Women must clean their hearths and put on clean cloths
before cooking meals.
3-All rubbish of the house and refuse of the cattle must be
thrown in a ditch outside the village or in fields and not
on the path.
4-No liquor and meat to be served at any ceremony.
Traditional Tharu houses making system, Agriculture
system, cooking system are based on a natural law that is
why the environmental valance never disordered in past. But
at present there are many other communities existing in
Tharu area by Industrialization and Business, so the process
of cultural exchange is running in Tharu area. Tharu youth
are attracting to new and charming life style. They are
ignoring their traditional tribal culture that is why the
identity of old Tharu culture is under dangerous. They must
have to get advance education, communication, technology
etc. But care of old culture is must too for keep their
identity. Main problem of Tharus youth is that they want
new life style but they do not know about new and current
environmental issues.. They like using all type of modern
thing (which make pollution) without care of environment.
This is situation of highly educated youth than we can easily
imaging the status of other general Tharu youth.
6
The Current Problems and Changes among the Tharu Society
The Indian Tharu youth are very important wing of their
community. They are playing very creative role in their
community. But they are not connected with mainstream of
development. Some youth are trying to get higher education
and advanced technology but in little number. They have
neither advance ness nor keep awareness about their
traditional culture. They must have to get advance
education, communication, technology and new life style but
care of traditional culture is must too for keep their own
identity. Youth of other tribes of this area (Bhotia and
Jaunsari etc) are aggressive more than Tharu Youth. Many
Bhotia and Jaunsari youths are working as administrative
officers, professors, Doctors, Engineers, and Advocates etc.
They are very advanced and also careful about their
traditional culture. However, Tharu youth are very poor in
this matter. Generally Tharu youth do not like to go in
advanced cities for education. Nepalese Tharu youth are
more aware and advanced than Indian Tharu youth because
there are many youth organizations and groups are active in
Nepalese Tharu community for development and extension of
education, technology, health care etc.
The Tharu community has its amazing culture with
many specialties but it is bad luck of this community that its
own new generations especially highly educated youth are
not so aware for care it. Some Tharus are trying to keep their
own socio-cultural values but they are not success in their
target till now. Large number of Tharu youth wants change
in their life, so they are ignoring their own cultural values. It
is true that Tharu youth want change but it has not this
meaning that they are very aggressive or advanced. They are
only following other communities for a new life style. We can
say in other words that the process of Sanskirtization is still
running in this community. Tharu youth are playing very
creative role in their community but they are not connected
with main stream of development even some youth are trying
to get higher education and advanced technology but in few
number. Maximum Tharu youth are trying to accept other
culture only for leaving their old own culture. There are
many Religious missionaries are working for conversion of
Tharus in this area, that is why some Tharus have converted
in other religions. The Tharu youth are ignoring their own
culture and losing traditional values. Neither have they got
advance ness nor do they aware about their traditional
culture. Tharu Rana Parishad (Council of Tharu Community)
is a main organization of this community which is active in
this socio-cultural movement in this area. This organization
is trying to keep traditional culture of Tharus. But this
organization is not so success in its main goals.
The Tharu community is one of them Indian tribes
which have not more and enough awareness about
education. There are many educational institutes and
organizations are working in Tharu area but percentage of
educated people is very low in Tharu community. Most
Tharu students want a job early that is why they are not
interesting in post graduate level education. Graduation level
is enough for a general job so they want only eligibility for a
general job. Only those students are studying in post
graduation level which want any special job or did not get a
job still. Some students are taking education in post
graduate level for doctorate degree but number of these
students is few. There are only 2 students (1 male & 1
female) want to do research for Ph.D. level. There is only one
Tharu man (Prem Singh Rana) has Ph.D. Degree in this area.
At present he is Lecturer in college.
We have been said that also that Tharu Community is
suffering form social changes and their youth are playing
active role in this process. Youths are refusing many old
social rules and customs. In this era new Tharu generation
do not like and support early age marriage, leadership&
dictatorship of old aged people, Joint family System,
Traditional typical Costumes, marriage with elder women.
Tribal religious activities& Things etc. traditional Social
values have lost their importance and new trends are still
running. There is an interesting and amazing system of
mutual friendship called as Mitai popular in Tharus
community. In this system friends treat together as real
brothers or sisters and they every help and support together
without any formality. Male friend called as Dilwar or Meet
and female Called as Sangan. This system shows the human
social values and feeling of the Tharus but at present this
system is losing its importance like many other old systems.
Kinship system is also changing and materialistic culture is
affecting badly on blood and marriage relationships. New
generation is using new words on place of old words of
relations for example- now Dauwa (Father) is called as Papa
or dady and Aiya (mother) is called as Mammy. Many
specialties of other communities have been accepted by
Tharus at present so we can say that the process of cultural
infection is killing the traditional Tharu social system.
In past there were many other communities was capturing
Tharu’s Forest and agricultural land but cool minded
Tharus never conflicted with them. Many other communities
like Muslims, Sikhs, Paharis etc. are Continuously
capturing Tharu properties and also hurting their feelings
since a long past. The Tharus say that outsiders are
cheaters, they are cheating our community. But now
situation has been changed because the Tharu youth do not
like interfere of others in their own properties. Some
educated and politically empowered youth know their rights
very well so they are now struggling for freehold of their own
agricultural land and other properties. Situation of social
conflict is still running because other communities are
counter attacking on the Tharus. Blast of population and
disorganization of joint families are increasing need of more
agricultural land and other natural resources so the Tharu
youth are conducting social movements. At present Tharu
community is suffering from problem of poverty, illiteracy,
social and cultural pollution but its youth are struggling for
development.
7
Conclusion
The culture of Tharu tribe is really Eco-friendly and
represents a good social life system. The Tharus respect
and care the natural resources like forest, rivers etc. The
concept of women empowerment is not needed in this
community because the Tharu women have already high
status and enough rights in their own society. The old
generation of Tharu tribe is more aware about environment
than new generation. After all at present the Tharu tribe is
suffering from Social and Cultural dynamics.
REFERENCES
Govila, J. P. ‘The Tharu of Terai and Bhabar’, Indian Folklore.-2, 1959
Kumar, N. 1968, ‘A genetic survey among the Rana Tharus of Nainital District in Uttar Pradesh’, Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society-
3(1-2)
Majumadar, D.N., 1941, ‘The tharus and Their Blodd Group’-Journal of Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. VIII No.1
Nepal now online, http://www.hariyaliclub.org/museum.php
Pradhan, H. Dev, ‘Social economy in the Terai (the Tharus)’, Journal of the United Provinces Historical Society -10, 1937
Srivastav, S.K., 1958, The Tharus: A Study In Culture Dynamics, Agra University Press Agra
Turner, A.C., 1931, Census Report of United Provinces of India, Vol.XVIII
.
10:17
Écrit par ETHNOFLORENCE
dans ARTS PREMIERS PRIMITIVE ART TRIBAL ARTE TRIBALE STAMMESKUNST, THARU TRIBAL ARTS PREMIERS PRIMITIVE ART AND CULTURE |
Lien permanent
| Commentaires (0)
| Envoyer cette note
| Facebook
|
04.07.2011
THARU NEPALESE TERAI NEPAL THARUS RANA THARU CULTURE VILLAGE NEPAL
THARUS RANA
PHOTO COURTESY OF
JOHAN REINHARD
http://sites.google.com/site/johanreinhardwebsite
![Tharus_-_Rana__1[1].jpg](http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/137887/1743486096.jpg)
![Tharus_-_Rana__2[1] - Copia.jpg](http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/137887/4164343321.jpg)
![Tharus_-_Rana__3[1].jpg](http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/137887/634289133.jpg)
![Tharus_-_Rana__4[2].jpg](http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/137887/2845769818.jpg)
http://sites.google.com/site/johanreinhardwebsite
PHOTO COURTESY OF JOHAN REINHARD
*
THARUS BARDIA LAWANGI PUJA
SEE MORE ON
http://ethnoflorence.skynetblogs.be/archive/2011/06/28/ne
**
09:29
Écrit par ETHNOFLORENCE
dans ARTS PREMIERS PRIMITIVE ART TRIBAL ARTE TRIBALE STAMMESKUNST, THARU TRIBAL ARTS PREMIERS PRIMITIVE ART AND CULTURE |
Lien permanent
| Commentaires (0)
| Envoyer cette note
| Facebook
|
03.07.2011
THARU NEPALESE TERAI NEPAL THARUS DHANGADI THARU CULTURE NEPAL
![Tharus_-_Dhangadi__2[1].jpg](http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/137887/2541691316.jpg)
THARUS DHANGADI
PHOTO COURTESY OF
JOHAN REINHARD
![Tharus_-_Dhangadi__3[1].jpg](http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/137887/1540694314.jpg)
![Tharus_-_Dhangadi__4[1].jpg](http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/137887/1360013363.jpg)
![Tharus_-_Dhangadi__5[1].jpg](http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/137887/2646223021.jpg)
![Tharus_-_Dhangadi__6b[1].jpg](http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/137887/3840352599.jpg)
http://sites.google.com/site/johanreinhardwebsite/
***
THARUS BARDIA LAWANGI PUJA
SEE MORE ON
http://ethnoflorence.skynetblogs.be/archive/2011/06/28/ne...
*
09:41
Écrit par ETHNOFLORENCE
dans ARTS PREMIERS PRIMITIVE ART TRIBAL ARTE TRIBALE STAMMESKUNST, THARU TRIBAL ARTS PREMIERS PRIMITIVE ART AND CULTURE |
Lien permanent
| Commentaires (0)
| Envoyer cette note
| Facebook
|
02.07.2011
THARU ARCHAIC SHRINE MANPUR DANG-DEUKHURI DISCTRICT NEPAL SHRINE
THARU SHRINE MANPUR DANG DISTRICT
Collection: Fürer-Haimendorf
Manpur, Dang district, Nepal February 1966
![page[1].jpg](http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/137887/3703224106.3.jpg)
![page[1] (2).jpg](http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/137887/631013573.jpg)
Copyright: SOAS, Nicholas Haimendorf
SOAS Library PPMS19_6_THAR_0017
SOAS Library PPMS19_6_THAR_0067
Catalogue reference
PPMS19_6_THAR_0017
PPMS19_6_THAR_0067
*
Dang-Deukhuri District is an Inner Terai district some 280 km west of Kathmandu in Rapti Zone of Nepal's Mid-Western Region.
Dang-Deukhuri covers an area of 2,955 km² with population (2001) of 462,380.
Tribhuwannagar (usually called Ghorahi) is the district's administrative center.
This district consists of the larger easterly and upstream portions of parallel Inner Terai valleys, Dang and Deukhuri,
plus enclosing ranges of hills and mountains. Downsteam, both valleys cross into Banke District, Bheri Zone.
To the south, the district borders Uttar Pradesh, India -- specifically Balarampur and Shravasti districts of Awadh.
Because the international border follows the southern edge of the outermost Siwalik foothills called the Dudhwa Range,
there is no Nepalese Outer Terai extending onto the main Ganges Plain in this district. The permeable geology of the
Siwaliks does not support moisture retention or soil development so they are covered with unproductive scrub forest.
**
Towns and villages
Amritpur
Baghmare, Bela, Bijauri
Chailahi, Lamahi
Dhanauri, Dharna, Dhikpur, Duruwa
Gadhawa, Gangaparaspur, Goltakuri, Gobardiya
Halwar, Hansipur, Hapur, Hekuli,
Kabhre, Koilabas
Lalmatiya, Laxmipur, Loharpani
Manpur
Narayanpur
Panchakule, Pawan Nagar, Phulbari, Purandhara,
Rajpur, Rampur,
Saigha, Satbariya, Saudiyar, Shantinagar, Shreegaun, Sisahaniya, Sonpur, Syuja
Tarigaun, Tribhuwan Nagar, Tulsipur
Urahari
(SOURCE WIKIPEDIA).
***
09:49
Écrit par ETHNOFLORENCE
dans ARTS PREMIERS PRIMITIVE ART TRIBAL ARTE TRIBALE STAMMESKUNST, FURER HAIMENDORF ARCHIVE, THARU TRIBAL ARTS PREMIERS PRIMITIVE ART AND CULTURE |
Lien permanent
| Commentaires (0)
| Envoyer cette note
| Facebook
|