18.12.2011

SOUTH-INDIAN IMAGES OF GODS AND GODDESSES H. KRISHNA SASTRI, B.A., RAO SAHEB MADRAS GOVERNMENT PRESS 1916

SOUTH-INDIAN IMAGES OF GODS AND GODDESSES


BY


H. KRISHNA SASTRI, B.A., RAO SAHEB


Assistant Archeealogical Superintendent for Epigraphy,

Southern Circle.


Published under the authority of the Government of Madras


MADRAS GOVERNMENT PRESS


1916

 

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INDEX OF THE CHAPTERS AND A RESUME OF THE SUBJECTS IN THE ILLUSTRATIONS


CHAPTER I.


Temples and images, the subject of Agamas and Silpa-Sastras origin of

stone temples in the Pallava period. Their development

in the Chola period . Signs to distinguish a Saiva temple from a

Vaishnava temple ; ritual generally followed in temples ; annual

festivals. Ritual in temples of village-deities 


CHAPTER II.


BRAHMA


Not worshipped as the chief deity in a temple ; his images and general

description  Various forms

 

CHAPTER III


VISHNU


His general description , Incarnations  Boar incarnation and

the reverence paid to it by the early South-Indian kings . Manlion

incarnation and its varieties . Dwarf incarnation 

Rama incarnation . Krishna incarnation and varieties 

Buddha and Kalki incarnations. Anantasayin, Padmanabha or

Ranganatha. Jalasayana, Vaikuntha-Nartyana, Lakshml-

Narayana, Garuda-Narayana and Yogesvara- Vishnu ( The 24

general forms of Vishnu ; Panduranga, Hayagriva and Venkatesa

Pradyumna or Manmatha, Vishvaksena and Garuda 

Hanuman, Sudarsana, Saligraw a stones 


CHAPTER IV


SIVA


His temples and their non-sectarian nature liuga, symbol of Siva ;

its significance, description and varieties . Subsidiary images

in a Siva temple ; importance attached to his sportive forms 

The general form Rudramurti ; its description and varieties ; Panchadehamurti

and Maha-Sadasiva; .several dancing postures 

The Chidambaram temple ; its history 

Dakshinamurti and his various forms, Lingodbhava 

Bhikshatana and Mohin!,  Kalyanasundaramurti

Somaskanda and allied forms 

Vrisharudha, Chandrasekharamurti, Ardhanari

Harihara, Gajahamurti, Gangadhara 

Kalaharamurti , Nilakantha , Tripurantakamurti

Kiratarjunamurti, Chandesanugrahamurti 

Sarabhamurti, Pasupatamurti, Rakshoghnamurti, Aghoramurti,

Bhairava and his various forms, Mahakala and Kalagni-

Rudra, Virabhadra and his various forms, Kshetrapala

Chandesa, Nandisa, Ehringisa and Jvaradeva 

Ganapati and his various forms ; his popularity  Skanda and

his different forms ; the antiquity of his worship 


CHAPTER V


SAKTI-GODDESSES


Their significance. Their division into three classes and their

worship on chakras, yuntras and plthas. Sarasvati and her

different forms. Lakshmi and her different forms 

The eight energies of Vishnu personified . General description

of Gauri or Parvati . The Saptamatrikas . Sakti goddesses

holding Vaishnavite symbols : Chamnnda, Durga, Mahishasuramardini

and Maha-Lakshmi, Kalaratrl, Tvarita, Tripura-

Bhairavi, VajraprastarinI, Sura, Surapriya, SrividyadevI, Pranasakti,

SvasthavesinI, Satruvidhvamsini, Ugra-Tara, Dhumravati, Sulini,

Pratyangira, Sltaladevi, Trikantakldevi, Bhutamata and SivadutI

Jyeshtha-Lakshmi, Bala-Tripurasundari, Saubhagyabhuvanesvari,

Annapurna, Gayatri, Savitrl and Sarasvati, Tulaja-

Bhavani, Rajaniatangi, Laghusyamala, Varuni, Kurukulla and

Vindhyavasini, Lalita, Tripurasundari and Rajarajesvari;

their worship on Bala-yantra vxd. Sri-chakra


CHAPTER VI


VILLAGE DEITIES


Their origin traceable to Tantrik goddesses ; names of a few of them

Their worship and worshippers, Ceremonies peculiar

to temples of village deities ; Draupadi temples a.ndaragam,

Sati-worship and the fire-walking ceremony, Village gods :

Aiyanar and Karuppannasami, Hero-worship; devil-dances


CHAPTER VI


VILLAGE DEITIES


Their origin traceable to Tantrik goddesses ; names of a few of them

Their worship and worshippers. Ceremonies peculiar

to temples of village deities ; Draupadi temples a.ndaragam 

Sati-worship and the fire-walking ceremony . Village gods :

Aiyanar and Karuppannasami , Hero-worship; devil-dances


CHAPTER VII


MISCELLANEOUS DEITIES


The nine Planets, The Sun ; his description and the Siifya-yantra 

The Moon and the other Planets, The Dikpalakas :

Indra, Agni, Yama, Nairrita, Varuna, Vayu and Kubera. The

Nagas. The demi-gods : Yakshas, Vidyadharas, etc., and

Dvarapalas. Saints and sages. The three religious

reformers ; Saiva and Vaishnava saints, Jaina images

Pedestals, postures, symbols, weapons and jewellery of

images


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LIST OF THE PLACE TEMPLES SHRINES GODS AND GODDESSES

PRESENT IN THE ILLUSTRATIONS


The Tanjore temple.

Gopura, Narasimha temple,Back view of central shrine, Siva temple, 

Gangaikondasolapuram, Haridranadi tank ;Processional images (metal) ; Madura 

Lamp patterns and /w/Vf-utensils ; Uttattur

Brahma; Seven Pagodas, Kumbakonam, Tiruvadi, Brahma and Sarasvati ; Kandiyur

Brahma on swan vehicle ; Chidambaram 

Vishnu (Ashtabhuja) ; Conjeeveram

Vishnu; Bellary,  Paramesvaramangalam

Vishnu and his consorts ; Ariyambakkam

Boar incarnation of Vishnu ; Seven Pagodas 

Narasimha bursting forth from the pillar; Ahobalam 

Ugra-Narasimha 

Madras Museum, Yoga-Narasimha ; Tir,upati Hill 

Trivikrama ; Seven Pagodas 

Kumbakonam,  Vamana ; Namakkal,  Rama and group (metal) ; Ramesvaram

Krishna tied to a mortar ; Penukonda

Butter-dance of Bala-Krishna (metal) ; Madras Museum 

26. Serpent-dance of Kaliya-Krishna (metal) 

Venu-Gopala,  Madana-Gopala ;Little Conjeeveram, Govardhana-Krishna ; Seven Pagodas 

Krishna on the punnai-tieQ (wood) ; Kumbakonam 

Parthasarathi teaching Bhagavad-Gitdto Arjuna ; Pushpagiri

Anantasayin ; Seven Pagodas, Vaikuntha-Narayana ; Namakkal 

Lakshmi-Narayana ; Namakkal, Garuda-Narayana; Chidambaram 

Garuda-Narayana and Gajendramoksha ; Kumbakonam 

Yogesvara-Vishnu ; Huvinahadagalli 

Kumbakonam,  Panduranga; Tirupati, Ahobalam 

Rati-Manmatha ; Chidambaram 

Garuda ; Tanjore, Sudarsana ; Tirupati

Dadikkombu,  Sahasra-linga ; Tiruvottiyur 

Panchamukha-linga ; Tiruvanaikkaval 

Nataraja (metal) ; Panchanadakkulam 

Ramesvaram,  Urdhva-tandava ; Tiruppanandal 

Patanjali; Chidambaram 

Vyaghrapada, Kalika-tandava (metal) ; Nallur 

Dakshinamurti ; Avur 

Vlnadhara-Dakshinamurti ; Chidambaram 

Yoga-Dakshinamurti ; Conjeeveram 

Dakshinamurti ; Tiruvengavasal 

Lingodbhava ; Tanjore,  Ekapada-Trimurti ; Tiruvottiyur 

Tiruvanaikkaval,  Mohini (metal) ; Valuvur 

Bhikshatanamurti (metal), Kankalamurti (metal); Tenkasi 

Kankalamurti ; Dharasuram, Kalyana-Sundara ; Madura 

Kalyana-Sundara and Svayamvara ; Chidambaram

Somaskanda (metal) ; Sivankudal, Somaskanda ; Seven Pagodas 

Umasahita, Vrishavahana ; Chidambaram, (metal) ; Vedaranyam

Chandrasekhara (metal) , Tiruvottiyur 

Chandrasekhara ; Tanjore 

Chandrasekhara (Alinganamurti) ; Bagali 

Ardhanari ; Madura,  Kumbakonam,  Ardhanari ; Tanjore,

Tiruchchengodu, , Dharasuram, Tiruvadi, Sankaranarayana ; Namakkal

Gajahamurti ; Dharasuram, , Tirutturaippundi

Gangadhara ; Gangaikondasolapuram, (metal) ; Vaidlsvarankoyil 

Gangadhara ; Tanjore 

Trichinopoly, , Kalaharamurti ; Pattisvaram,

Chandragiri, Tripurantakamurti ; Chidambaram, Kiratarjunamurti ; Pushpagiri, Chidambaram

Chandesanugrahamurti ; Gangaikondasolapuram 

Sarabhamurti ; Dharasuram, , Pasupatamurti . Chidambaram 

Aghoramurti ; Pattisvaram, , Bhairava

Kala-Bhairava ; Durgi 

Kalagni-Rudra,  Virabhadra throwing the head of Daksha into the fire

Tanjore, Virabhadra; Mudikondam,  Kshetrapala ; Tiruvarangulam 

Chandesa ; Tiruvottiyur, Nandisa and his consort (metal) ; Valuvur 

Bhringi ; Srisailam, Jvaradeva ; Bhavani, Ganapati standing ; Lepakshi 

Pattisvaram, Siyamangalam, Gangaikondasolapuram 

Maha-Ganapati ; Madura,  Heramba-Ganapati (metal) ; 

Skanda ; Tiruvottiyur ; Madura ,  Skanda and his consorts ; Samayapuram 

Chidambaram,  Sarasvati ; Bagali Samilnya-Lakshmi ; Seven Pagodas 

Parvati; Bolumampatti, Paramesvaramangalam,  Pattisvaram

The Seven Mothers ; Tanjore ,Chamunda (Mahakali) ; Tiruchchengodu

Durga ; Seven Pagodas ,Srimushnam

Dharasuram, Durga-Lakshml Tirumalisai, Mahishasuramardini ; Gangaikondasolapuram

Dharasuram, Durgi, Durga-Mahishasuramardim ; Seven-Pagodas

Pratyangira ; Tiruchchengodu ,  Tiruppalatturai

Jyeshtha ; Tiruvellavayil, Saubhagyabhuvanesvan ; Dharasuram

Rajarajesvarl ; Ramesvaram, Mutyalamma ; Avani 

Group of images in the Draupadi-amman temple Kumbakonam 

Aiyanar (metal) ; Tiruppalatturai , Valuvur

Ramesvaram, Surya ; Kumbakonam , Chidambaram

Rahu and Ketu ; Chidambaram Indra, Agni, Yama, Nairrita

Varuna, Vayu, Kubera, Ahobalam, Lepakshi, Adisesha ; Chidambaram, Kinnari ; Ramesvaram

Dvarapala ; Tiruvottiyur, Dharasuram , Narada ; Chidambaram 

Gaulisvara (Gaudapada ?) and Sankaracharya ; Tiruvottiyur


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